The general form of the 4th degree equation (or Quartic) is: ax4 + bx3 + cx2 + dx + e = 0
Quartics have 4 roots.
The 4 roots can be represented this way:
First root (of four):
Second root (of four):
Third root (of four):
Fourth root (of four):
The four formulas are equal except for a "+ or -" sign at the beginning, and
a couple of "+ or -" signs at the far right end of the images. Note that
the imaginary unit "i" does not appear in any of these formulas.
Now, the same four formulas in ASCII. The differences are
highlighted here in yellow:
| x = -b/(4 a)
-
1/2 Sqrt[b^2/(4 a^2) - 2 c/(3 a) + 2^(1/3) (c^2 - 3 b d + 12 a
e)/(3 a (2 c^3 - 9 b c d + 27 a d^2 + 27 b^2 e - 72 a c e + Sqrt[-4 (c^2
- 3 b d + 12 a e)^3 + (2 c^3 - 9 b c d + 27 a d^2 + 27 b^2 e - 72 a c
e)^2])^(1/3)) + 1/(3 2^(1/3) a)(2 c^3 - 9 b c d + 27 a d^2 + 27 b^2 e -
72 a c e + Sqrt[-4 (c^2 - 3 b d + 12 a e)^3 + (2 c^3 - 9 b c d + 27 a
d^2 + 27 b^2 e - 72 a c e)^2])^(1/3)]
-
1/2 Sqrt[b^2/(2 a^2) - 4 c/(3 a) - 2^(1/3) (c^2 - 3 b d + 12 a e)/(3 a
(2 c^3 - 9 b c d + 27 a d^2 + 27 b^2 e - 72 a c e + Sqrt[-4 (c^2 - 3 b d
+ 12 a e)^3 + (2 c^3 - 9 b c d + 27 a d^2 + 27 b^2 e - 72 a c
e)^2])^(1/3)) - 1/(3 2^(1/3) a)(2 c^3 - 9 b c d + 27 a d^2 + 27 b^2 e -
72 a c e + Sqrt[-4 (c^2 - 3 b d + 12 a e)^3 + (2 c^3 - 9 b c d + 27 a
d^2 + 27 b^2 e - 72 a c e)^2])^(1/3)
- (-b^3/a^3 + 4 b c/a^2 - 8 d/a)/(4 Sqrt[b^2/(4 a^2) - 2 c/(3 a)
+ 2^(1/3) (c^2 - 3 b d + 12 a e)/(3 a ((2 c^3 - 9 b c d + 27 a d^2 + 27
b^2 e - 72 a c e + Sqrt[-4 (c^2 - 3 b d + 12 a e)^3 + (2 c^3 - 9 b c d +
27 a d^2 + 27 b^2 e - 72 a c e)^2]))^(1/3)) + 1/(3 2^(1/3) a)(2 c^3 - 9
b c d + 27 a d^2 + 27 b^2 e - 72 a c e + Sqrt[-4 (c^2 - 3 b d + 12 a
e)^3 + (2 c^3 - 9 b c d + 27 a d^2 + 27 b^2 e - 72 a c e)^2])^(1/3)])] x = -b/(4 a) - 1/2 Sqrt[b^2/(4 a^2) - 2 c/(3 a) + 2^(1/3) (c^2 - 3 b d + 12 a e)/(3 a (2 c^3 - 9 b c d + 27 a d^2 + 27 b^2 e - 72 a c e + Sqrt[-4 (c^2 - 3 b d + 12 a e)^3 + (2 c^3 - 9 b c d + 27 a d^2 + 27 b^2 e - 72 a c e)^2])^(1/3)) + 1/(3 2^(1/3) a)(2 c^3 - 9 b c d + 27 a d^2 + 27 b^2 e - 72 a c e + Sqrt[-4 (c^2 - 3 b d + 12 a e)^3 + (2 c^3 - 9 b c d + 27 a d^2 + 27 b^2 e - 72 a c e)^2])^(1/3)] + 1/2 Sqrt[b^2/(2 a^2) - 4 c/(3 a) - 2^(1/3) (c^2 - 3 b d + 12 a e)/(3 a (2 c^3 - 9 b c d + 27 a d^2 + 27 b^2 e - 72 a c e + Sqrt[-4 (c^2 - 3 b d + 12 a e)^3 + (2 c^3 - 9 b c d + 27 a d^2 + 27 b^2 e - 72 a c e)^2])^(1/3)) - 1/(3 2^(1/3) a)(2 c^3 - 9 b c d + 27 a d^2 + 27 b^2 e - 72 a c e + Sqrt[-4 (c^2 - 3 b d + 12 a e)^3 + (2 c^3 - 9 b c d + 27 a d^2 + 27 b^2 e - 72 a c e)^2])^(1/3) - (-b^3/a^3 + 4 b c/a^2 - 8 d/a)/(4 Sqrt[b^2/(4 a^2) - 2 c/(3 a) + 2^(1/3) (c^2 - 3 b d + 12 a e)/(3 a ((2 c^3 - 9 b c d + 27 a d^2 + 27 b^2 e - 72 a c e + Sqrt[-4 (c^2 - 3 b d + 12 a e)^3 + (2 c^3 - 9 b c d + 27 a d^2 + 27 b^2 e - 72 a c e)^2]))^(1/3)) + 1/(3 2^(1/3) a)(2 c^3 - 9 b c d + 27 a d^2 + 27 b^2 e - 72 a c e + Sqrt[-4 (c^2 - 3 b d + 12 a e)^3 + (2 c^3 - 9 b c d + 27 a d^2 + 27 b^2 e - 72 a c e)^2])^(1/3)])] x = -b/(4 a) + 1/2 Sqrt[b^2/(4 a^2) - 2 c/(3 a) + 2^(1/3) (c^2 - 3 b d + 12 a e)/(3 a (2 c^3 - 9 b c d + 27 a d^2 + 27 b^2 e - 72 a c e + Sqrt[-4 (c^2 - 3 b d + 12 a e)^3 + (2 c^3 - 9 b c d + 27 a d^2 + 27 b^2 e - 72 a c e)^2])^(1/3)) + 1/(3 2^(1/3) a)(2 c^3 - 9 b c d + 27 a d^2 + 27 b^2 e - 72 a c e + Sqrt[-4 (c^2 - 3 b d + 12 a e)^3 + (2 c^3 - 9 b c d + 27 a d^2 + 27 b^2 e - 72 a c e)^2])^(1/3)] - 1/2 Sqrt[b^2/(2 a^2) - 4 c/(3 a) - 2^(1/3) (c^2 - 3 b d + 12 a e)/(3 a (2 c^3 - 9 b c d + 27 a d^2 + 27 b^2 e - 72 a c e + Sqrt[-4 (c^2 - 3 b d + 12 a e)^3 + (2 c^3 - 9 b c d + 27 a d^2 + 27 b^2 e - 72 a c e)^2])^(1/3)) - 1/(3 2^(1/3) a)(2 c^3 - 9 b c d + 27 a d^2 + 27 b^2 e - 72 a c e + Sqrt[-4 (c^2 - 3 b d + 12 a e)^3 + (2 c^3 - 9 b c d + 27 a d^2 + 27 b^2 e - 72 a c e)^2])^(1/3) + (-b^3/a^3 + 4 b c/a^2 - 8 d/a)/(4 Sqrt[b^2/(4 a^2) - 2 c/(3 a) + 2^(1/3) (c^2 - 3 b d + 12 a e)/(3 a ((2 c^3 - 9 b c d + 27 a d^2 + 27 b^2 e - 72 a c e + Sqrt[-4 (c^2 - 3 b d + 12 a e)^3 + (2 c^3 - 9 b c d + 27 a d^2 + 27 b^2 e - 72 a c e)^2]))^(1/3)) + 1/(3 2^(1/3) a)(2 c^3 - 9 b c d + 27 a d^2 + 27 b^2 e - 72 a c e + Sqrt[-4 (c^2 - 3 b d + 12 a e)^3 + (2 c^3 - 9 b c d + 27 a d^2 + 27 b^2 e - 72 a c e)^2])^(1/3)])] x = -b/(4 a) + 1/2 Sqrt[b^2/(4 a^2) - 2 c/(3 a) + 2^(1/3) (c^2 - 3 b d + 12 a e)/(3 a (2 c^3 - 9 b c d + 27 a d^2 + 27 b^2 e - 72 a c e + Sqrt[-4 (c^2 - 3 b d + 12 a e)^3 + (2 c^3 - 9 b c d + 27 a d^2 + 27 b^2 e - 72 a c e)^2])^(1/3)) + 1/(3 2^(1/3) a)(2 c^3 - 9 b c d + 27 a d^2 + 27 b^2 e - 72 a c e + Sqrt[-4 (c^2 - 3 b d + 12 a e)^3 + (2 c^3 - 9 b c d + 27 a d^2 + 27 b^2 e - 72 a c e)^2])^(1/3)] + 1/2 Sqrt[b^2/(2 a^2) - 4 c/(3 a) - 2^(1/3) (c^2 - 3 b d + 12 a e)/(3 a (2 c^3 - 9 b c d + 27 a d^2 + 27 b^2 e - 72 a c e + Sqrt[-4 (c^2 - 3 b d + 12 a e)^3 + (2 c^3 - 9 b c d + 27 a d^2 + 27 b^2 e - 72 a c e)^2])^(1/3)) - 1/(3 2^(1/3) a)(2 c^3 - 9 b c d + 27 a d^2 + 27 b^2 e - 72 a c e + Sqrt[-4 (c^2 - 3 b d + 12 a e)^3 + (2 c^3 - 9 b c d + 27 a d^2 + 27 b^2 e - 72 a c e)^2])^(1/3) + (-b^3/a^3 + 4 b c/a^2 - 8 d/a)/(4 Sqrt[b^2/(4 a^2) - 2 c/(3 a) + 2^(1/3) (c^2 - 3 b d + 12 a e)/(3 a ((2 c^3 - 9 b c d + 27 a d^2 + 27 b^2 e - 72 a c e + Sqrt[-4 (c^2 - 3 b d + 12 a e)^3 + (2 c^3 - 9 b c d + 27 a d^2 + 27 b^2 e - 72 a c e)^2]))^(1/3)) + 1/(3 2^(1/3) a)(2 c^3 - 9 b c d + 27 a d^2 + 27 b^2 e - 72 a c e + Sqrt[-4 (c^2 - 3 b d + 12 a e)^3 + (2 c^3 - 9 b c d + 27 a d^2 + 27 b^2 e - 72 a c e)^2])^(1/3)])] |
The formulas on top were obtained with Wolfram's
program Mathematica. There seemed not to be an option, so I copied
them by hand into ASCII.
josechu2004@gmail.com